email Operation - Ensemble Edge

Basic Usage

operations:
  - name: send-welcome
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Welcome to Our Platform!
      html: |
        <h1>Welcome {{input.name}}!</h1>
        <p>We're excited to have you on board.</p>

Configuration

config:
  provider: string           # cloudflare, resend, smtp
  from: string              # Sender email address
  to: string | string[]     # Recipient(s)
  subject: string           # Email subject
  body: string              # Plain text body
  html: string              # HTML body
  cc: string | string[]     # CC recipients (optional)
  bcc: string | string[]    # BCC recipients (optional)
  replyTo: string           # Reply-to address (optional)
  attachments: array        # File attachments (optional)
  headers: object           # Custom headers (optional)
  tags: string[]            # Email tags (optional)
  metadata: object          # Custom metadata (optional)

Email Providers

Cloudflare Email (Recommended)

Zero-configuration email sending via Cloudflare Email Routing:

operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      fromName: Your App
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Your Receipt
      html: <h1>Thank you for your purchase!</h1>

wrangler.toml configuration:

[[send_email]]
name = "EMAIL"
destination_address_list = "allowed-recipients"  # Optional allowlist

[env.production]
[[env.production.send_email]]
name = "EMAIL"
destination_address_list = "production-recipients"

Features:

No API key required
Automatic DKIM signing
100,000 emails/day free tier
Edge-native performance
Instant delivery

Resend

Developer-friendly email API with great deliverability:

operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Welcome!
      html: <p>Welcome to our platform</p>

Environment Variables:

RESEND_API_KEY=re_123456789

Features:

Simple REST API
Email analytics dashboard
100 emails/day free tier
Webhook support
React Email integration

SMTP

Generic SMTP for any mail server:

operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: smtp
      host: smtp.gmail.com
      port: 587
      secure: true
      auth:
        user: ${env.SMTP_USER}
        pass: ${env.SMTP_PASS}
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Alert Notification
      html: <p>Alert: {{input.message}}</p>

Supported Services:

Gmail
SendGrid
Mailgun
Amazon SES
Custom SMTP servers

Email Templates

Inline HTML

Simple emails with inline HTML:

operations:
  - name: send-confirmation
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.customer_email}
      subject: Order #${input.order_id} Confirmed
      html: |
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html>
        <head>
          <style>
            body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; }
            .header { background: #4CAF50; color: white; padding: 20px; }
            .content { padding: 20px; }
            .button { background: #4CAF50; color: white; padding: 12px 24px; text-decoration: none; }
          </style>
        </head>
        <body>
          <div class="header">
            <h1>Order Confirmed!</h1>
          </div>
          <div class="content">
            <p>Hi {{input.customer_name}},</p>
            <p>Your order #{{input.order_id}} has been confirmed.</p>
            <p>Total: ${{input.total}}</p>
            <a href="{{input.order_url}}" class="button">View Order</a>
          </div>
        </body>
        </html>

Template Variables

Use template expressions for dynamic content:

operations:
  - name: send-notification
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: ${input.notification_type} - Action Required
      html: |
        <h1>Hello {{input.name}}!</h1>
        <p>{{input.message}}</p>
        <p>Generated at {{new Date().toLocaleString()}}</p>

Liquid Templates (Advanced)

For complex templates, store them in KV with Liquid syntax:

operations:
  # Step 1: Fetch template from KV
  - name: get-template
    operation: storage
    config:
      type: kv
      action: get
      key: email-templates/welcome

  # Step 2: Render template with Liquid
  - name: render
    operation: code
    config:
      script: scripts/render-liquid-template
    input:
      template: ${get-template.output.value}
      name: ${input.name}
      activationUrl: ${input.activation_url}
      appName: 'Your App'

  # Step 3: Send rendered email
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Welcome to Your App!
      html: ${render.output.html}

// scripts/render-liquid-template.ts
import type { AgentExecutionContext } from '@ensemble-edge/conductor'

export default async function renderLiquidTemplate(context: AgentExecutionContext) {
  const { template, name, activationUrl, appName } = context.input

  const Liquid = require('liquidjs')
  const engine = new Liquid()

  const rendered = await engine.parseAndRender(template, {
    name,
    activationUrl,
    appName
  })

  return { html: rendered }
}

Template in KV:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <style>
    body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; }
    .button { background: #0066cc; color: white; padding: 12px 24px; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Welcome {{ name | capitalize }}!</h1>
  <p>Click below to activate your account:</p>
  <a href="{{ activationUrl }}" class="button">Activate Account</a>
  <p>Best regards,<br>The {{ appName }} Team</p>
</body>
</html>

Email Attachments

Single Attachment

operations:
  - name: send-invoice
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.customer_email}
      subject: Your Invoice
      html: <p>Please find your invoice attached.</p>
      attachments:
        - filename: invoice.pdf
          content: ${generate-pdf.output.content}
          contentType: application/pdf
          encoding: base64

Multiple Attachments

operations:
  - name: send-report
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Monthly Report
      html: <p>Your monthly report is attached.</p>
      attachments:
        - filename: report.pdf
          content: ${generate-pdf.output}
          contentType: application/pdf
          encoding: base64
        - filename: data.csv
          content: ${export-csv.output}
          contentType: text/csv
          encoding: utf8
        - filename: summary.txt
          content: "Total Sales: $${input.total_sales}"
          contentType: text/plain

Attachment from Storage

operations:
  # Step 1: Fetch file from R2
  - name: get-file
    operation: storage
    config:
      type: r2
      action: get
      key: invoices/${input.invoice_id}.pdf

  # Step 2: Email with attachment
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Invoice #${input.invoice_id}
      html: <p>Invoice attached</p>
      attachments:
        - filename: invoice-${input.invoice_id}.pdf
          content: ${get-file.output.content}
          contentType: application/pdf

Batch Sending

Send personalized emails to multiple recipients:

operations:
  - name: send-newsletter
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}
      from: [email protected]
      batch:
        recipients:
          - email: [email protected]
            name: Alice
            lastPurchase: Laptop
          - email: [email protected]
            name: Bob
            lastPurchase: Phone
          - email: [email protected]
            name: Charlie
            lastPurchase: Tablet
      subject: Your Weekly Newsletter
      html: |
        <h1>Hi {{ name }}!</h1>
        <p>Based on your recent purchase of {{ lastPurchase }}, we have recommendations for you.</p>
      rateLimit: 10                    # Emails per second

Output:

{
  sent: 3,
  failed: 0,
  messageIds: ["msg-1", "msg-2", "msg-3"],
  errors: []
}

CC and BCC

operations:
  - name: send-update
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: [email protected]
      cc:
        - [email protected]
        - [email protected]
      bcc: [email protected]
      subject: Project Update
      html: <p>Project status: In Progress</p>

Reply-To

Set a different reply address:

operations:
  - name: send-support
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      replyTo: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Support Ticket #${input.ticket_id}
      html: <p>Your support ticket has been created. Reply to this email for updates.</p>

Custom Headers

Add tracking and custom headers:

operations:
  - name: send-campaign
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Special Offer!
      html: <p>Limited time offer!</p>
      headers:
        X-Campaign-ID: campaign-2024-q1
        X-Customer-Segment: premium
        List-Unsubscribe: <https://example.com/unsubscribe?id=${input.user_id}>
        X-Priority: 1

Tags and Metadata

Organize and track emails:

operations:
  - name: send-order-confirmation
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Order Confirmation
      html: <p>Your order has been confirmed!</p>
      tags:
        - transactional
        - order-confirmation
        - ${input.customer_segment}
      metadata:
        orderId: ${input.order_id}
        customerId: ${input.customer_id}
        orderValue: ${input.total}

Common Patterns

Transactional Email

ensemble: send-order-confirmation

inputs:
  order_id: string
  customer_email: string
  customer_name: string
  items: array
  total: number

operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.customer_email}
      subject: Order #${input.order_id} Confirmed
      html: |
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html>
        <body>
          <h1>Thank you, {{input.customer_name}}!</h1>
          <p>Your order #{{input.order_id}} has been confirmed.</p>
          <h2>Order Details:</h2>
          <ul>
            {{input.items.map(item => `<li>${item.name} x ${item.quantity} - $${item.price}</li>`).join('')}}
          </ul>
          <p><strong>Total: ${{input.total}}</strong></p>
        </body>
        </html>

outputs:
  messageId: ${send.output.messageId}
  success: ${send.output.success}

Welcome Email Workflow

ensemble: welcome-new-user

inputs:
  email: string
  name: string
  userId: string

operations:
  # Generate activation token
  - name: generate-token
    operation: code
    config:
      script: scripts/generate-activation-token

  # Store token in KV
  - name: store-token
    operation: storage
    config:
      type: kv
      action: put
      key: activation:${input.userId}
      value: ${generate-token.output.token}
      ttl: 86400                       # 24 hours

// scripts/generate-activation-token.ts
import type { AgentExecutionContext } from '@ensemble-edge/conductor'

export default function generateActivationToken(context: AgentExecutionContext) {
  const crypto = require('crypto')
  const token = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex')
  return {
    token,
    expiresAt: Date.now() + 86400000  // 24 hours
  }
}

  # Send welcome email
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Welcome to Our Platform!
      html: |
        <h1>Welcome {{input.name}}!</h1>
        <p>Click below to activate your account:</p>
        <a href="https://example.com/activate?token={{generate-token.output.token}}">
          Activate Account
        </a>
        <p>This link expires in 24 hours.</p>

outputs:
  sent: true
  activationToken: ${generate-token.output.token}

Password Reset Email

ensemble: password-reset

inputs:
  email: string
  userId: string

operations:
  # Generate reset token
  - name: generate-token
    operation: code
    config:
      script: scripts/generate-reset-token

  # Store token
  - name: store-token
    operation: storage
    config:
      type: kv
      action: put
      key: reset:${input.userId}
      value: ${generate-token.output.token}
      ttl: 3600

// scripts/generate-reset-token.ts
import type { AgentExecutionContext } from '@ensemble-edge/conductor'

export default function generateResetToken(context: AgentExecutionContext) {
  const crypto = require('crypto')
  return {
    token: crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex'),
    expiresAt: Date.now() + 3600000  // 1 hour
  }
}

  # Send reset email
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Password Reset Request
      html: |
        <h1>Reset Your Password</h1>
        <p>Click below to reset your password:</p>
        <a href="https://example.com/reset?token={{generate-token.output.token}}">
          Reset Password
        </a>
        <p>This link expires in 1 hour.</p>
        <p>If you didn't request this, ignore this email.</p>

outputs:
  sent: true
  resetToken: ${generate-token.output.token}

Email with PDF Invoice

ensemble: send-invoice

inputs:
  customer_email: string
  customer_name: string
  invoice_number: string
  items: array
  total: number

operations:
  # Generate PDF
  - name: generate-pdf
    operation: pdf
    config:
      html: |
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html>
        <head>
          <style>
            body { font-family: Arial; padding: 40px; }
            table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
            th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; }
            .total { font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; }
          </style>
        </head>
        <body>
          <h1>Invoice #{{input.invoice_number}}</h1>
          <p>Bill To: {{input.customer_name}}</p>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr><th>Item</th><th>Quantity</th><th>Price</th><th>Total</th></tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              {{input.items.map(item => `
                <tr>
                  <td>${item.name}</td>
                  <td>${item.quantity}</td>
                  <td>$${item.price}</td>
                  <td>$${item.quantity * item.price}</td>
                </tr>
              `).join('')}}
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <p class="total">Total: ${{input.total}}</p>
        </body>
        </html>
      format: A4

  # Email PDF
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.customer_email}
      subject: Invoice #${input.invoice_number}
      html: |
        <h2>Hi {{input.customer_name}},</h2>
        <p>Thank you for your business! Your invoice is attached.</p>
        <p><strong>Invoice #:</strong> {{input.invoice_number}}</p>
        <p><strong>Amount:</strong> ${{input.total}}</p>
      attachments:
        - filename: invoice-${input.invoice_number}.pdf
          content: ${generate-pdf.output}
          contentType: application/pdf
          encoding: base64

outputs:
  sent: true
  messageId: ${send.output.messageId}

Data Export Email

ensemble: export-and-email

inputs:
  admin_email: string
  export_type: string

operations:
  # Export data from KV
  - name: export
    operation: storage
    config:
      type: kv
      action: export
      prefix: users:
      format: csv
      exportOptions:
        headers: true
        fields: [id, email, name, created_at]

  # Convert to base64
  - name: encode
    operation: code
    config:
      script: scripts/encode-export-data
    input:
      data: ${export.output.data}

// scripts/encode-export-data.ts
import type { AgentExecutionContext } from '@ensemble-edge/conductor'

export default function encodeExportData(context: AgentExecutionContext) {
  const { data } = context.input

  return {
    content: btoa(data),
    filename: `export-${Date.now()}.csv`
  }
}

  # Email export
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.admin_email}
      subject: Data Export - ${input.export_type}
      html: |
        <h2>Data Export Report</h2>
        <p>Your requested {{input.export_type}} export is attached.</p>
        <ul>
          <li><strong>Format:</strong> CSV</li>
          <li><strong>Records:</strong> {{export.output.count}}</li>
          <li><strong>Generated:</strong> {{new Date().toISOString()}}</li>
        </ul>
      attachments:
        - filename: ${encode.output.filename}
          content: ${encode.output.content}
          contentType: text/csv
          encoding: base64

outputs:
  sent: true
  recordCount: ${export.output.count}

ensemble: send-newsletter

inputs:
  subject: string
  content: string

operations:
  # Fetch subscriber list
  - name: get-subscribers
    operation: storage
    config:
      type: d1
      query: |
        SELECT email, name, preferences
        FROM subscribers
        WHERE active = true AND newsletter_opt_in = true

  # Send batch emails
  - name: send-campaign
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}
      from: [email protected]
      batch:
        recipients: ${get-subscribers.output.results}
      subject: ${input.subject}
      html: ${input.content}
      rateLimit: 5                     # 5 emails/second
      headers:
        List-Unsubscribe: <https://example.com/unsubscribe>

outputs:
  sent: ${send-campaign.output.sent}
  failed: ${send-campaign.output.failed}
  totalSubscribers: ${get-subscribers.output.results.length}

Error Handling

Retry on Failure

operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Important Alert
      html: <p>{{input.message}}</p>
    retry:
      maxAttempts: 3
      backoff: exponential           # 1s, 2s, 4s delays

Fallback Provider

operations:
  # Try primary provider
  - name: send-primary
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Alert
      html: <p>{{input.message}}</p>

  # Fallback to SMTP if primary fails
  - name: send-fallback
    condition: ${send-primary.failed}
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: smtp
      host: smtp.gmail.com
      port: 587
      secure: true
      auth:
        user: ${env.SMTP_USER}
        pass: ${env.SMTP_PASS}
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Alert
      html: <p>{{input.message}}</p>

outputs:
  sent: ${send-primary.success || send-fallback.success}
  provider: ${send-primary.success ? 'cloudflare' : 'smtp'}

Validate Email Address

operations:
  # Validate email
  - name: validate
    operation: code
    config:
      script: scripts/validate-email
    input:
      email: ${input.email}

  # Send if valid
  - name: send
    condition: ${validate.output.valid}
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      from: [email protected]
      to: ${input.email}
      subject: Welcome
      html: <p>Welcome!</p>

// scripts/validate-email.ts
import type { AgentExecutionContext } from '@ensemble-edge/conductor'

export default function validateEmail(context: AgentExecutionContext) {
  const { email } = context.input
  const emailRegex = /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/

  if (!emailRegex.test(email)) {
    throw new Error('Invalid email address')
  }

  return { valid: true }
}

### Handle Batch Errors

operations:
  - name: send-batch
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}
      from: [email protected]
      batch:
        recipients: ${input.recipients}
      subject: Newsletter
      html: ${input.content}

  # Log errors
  - name: log-errors
    condition: ${send-batch.output.failed > 0}
    operation: storage
    config:
      type: kv
      action: put
      key: email-errors:${Date.now()}
      value: ${send-batch.output.errors}

outputs:
  sent: ${send-batch.output.sent}
  failed: ${send-batch.output.failed}
  errors: ${send-batch.output.errors}

Testing

Test with TestConductor

import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
import { TestConductor } from '@ensemble/conductor/testing';

describe('send-welcome-email', () => {
  it('should send welcome email', async () => {
    const conductor = await TestConductor.create({
      projectPath: './conductor',
      mocks: {
        email: {
          'send-welcome': {
            success: true,
            messageId: 'msg-123',
            provider: 'cloudflare'
          }
        }
      }
    });

    const result = await conductor.executeAgent('send-welcome-email', {
      email: '[email protected]',
      name: 'Test User'
    });

    expect(result).toBeSuccessful();
    expect(result.output.messageId).toBe('msg-123');
  });

  it('should handle invalid email', async () => {
    const conductor = await TestConductor.create({
      projectPath: './conductor'
    });

    const result = await conductor.executeAgent('send-welcome-email', {
      email: 'invalid-email',
      name: 'Test User'
    });

    expect(result).toBeFailed();
    expect(result.error).toContain('Invalid email');
  });
});

Mock Email Provider

const conductor = await TestConductor.create({
  mocks: {
    email: {
      '*': {                           // Mock all email operations
        success: true,
        messageId: 'mock-msg-id',
        timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
      }
    }
  }
});

Best Practices

1. Use Plain Text Fallback

# Good: Include plain text version
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      html: <h1>Welcome!</h1><p>Thanks for signing up.</p>
      body: |
        Welcome!

        Thanks for signing up.

# Bad: HTML only
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: cloudflare
      html: <h1>Welcome!</h1><p>Thanks for signing up.</p>

2. Validate Recipients

# Good: Validate before sending
operations:
  - name: validate
    operation: code
    config:
      script: scripts/validate-email-simple
    input:
      email: ${input.email}

  - name: send
    operation: email

# Bad: No validation
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      to: ${input.email}  # Could be invalid

// scripts/validate-email-simple.ts
import type { AgentExecutionContext } from '@ensemble-edge/conductor'

export default function validateEmailSimple(context: AgentExecutionContext) {
  const { email } = context.input

  if (!/^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/.test(email)) {
    throw new Error('Invalid email')
  }

  return { valid: true }
}

**3. Set Reply-To for No-Reply Emails**

# Good: Set reply-to
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      from: [email protected]
      replyTo: [email protected]
      subject: Notification

# Bad: No reply-to with noreply
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      from: [email protected]
      subject: Notification

4. Rate Limit Batch Sending

# Good: Set rate limit
operations:
  - name: send-batch
    operation: email
    config:
      batch:
        recipients: ${input.recipients}
      rateLimit: 10  # 10 emails/second

# Bad: No rate limiting
operations:
  - name: send-batch
    operation: email
    config:
      batch:
        recipients: ${input.recipients}

5. Include Unsubscribe Link

# Good: Include unsubscribe
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      html: |
        <p>Newsletter content...</p>
        <p><a href="https://example.com/unsubscribe?id=${input.user_id}">Unsubscribe</a></p>
      headers:
        List-Unsubscribe: <https://example.com/unsubscribe?id=${input.user_id}>

# Bad: No unsubscribe link
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      html: <p>Newsletter content...</p>

6. Use Tags for Organization

# Good: Tag emails
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      tags:
        - transactional
        - order-confirmation
      metadata:
        orderId: ${input.order_id}

# Bad: No tags or metadata
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email

7. Store API Keys in Environment

# Good: Use environment variables
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: ${env.RESEND_API_KEY}

# Bad: Hardcoded API key
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      provider: resend
      apiKey: re_123456789  # Never do this!

8. Handle Attachments Safely

# Good: Validate attachment size
operations:
  - name: validate-size
    operation: code
    config:
      script: scripts/validate-attachment-size
    input:
      attachmentLength: ${input.attachment.length}

  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      attachments:
        - filename: ${input.filename}
          content: ${input.attachment}

# Bad: No size validation
operations:
  - name: send
    operation: email
    config:
      attachments:
        - content: ${input.attachment}

// scripts/validate-attachment-size.ts
import type { AgentExecutionContext } from '@ensemble-edge/conductor'

export default function validateAttachmentSize(context: AgentExecutionContext) {
  const { attachmentLength } = context.input
  const maxSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024  // 10MB

  if (attachmentLength > maxSize) {
    throw new Error('Attachment too large')
  }

  return { valid: true }
}

## Common Pitfalls

### Pitfall: Missing From Address

# Bad: No from address
- name: send
  operation: email
  config:
    to: [email protected]
    subject: Hello

# Good: Include from
- name: send
  operation: email
  config:
    from: [email protected]
    to: [email protected]
    subject: Hello

Pitfall: HTML Without Plain Text

# Bad: HTML only
- name: send
  operation: email
  config:
    html: <p>Content</p>

# Good: Include both
- name: send
  operation: email
  config:
    html: <p>Content</p>
    body: Content

Pitfall: No Error Handling

# Bad: No retry or fallback
- name: send
  operation: email
  config:
    provider: cloudflare

# Good: Retry and fallback
- name: send-primary
  operation: email
  config:
    provider: cloudflare
  retry:
    maxAttempts: 3

- name: send-fallback
  condition: ${send-primary.failed}
  operation: email
  config:
    provider: smtp

Pitfall: Batch Without Rate Limiting

# Bad: No rate limit
- name: send-batch
  operation: email
  config:
    batch:
      recipients: ${input.recipients}  # Could hit rate limits

# Good: Set rate limit
- name: send-batch
  operation: email
  config:
    batch:
      recipients: ${input.recipients}
    rateLimit: 10

Next Steps

sms Operation

Send SMS messages

pdf Operation

Generate PDF documents

storage Operation

Store email templates

Testing

Test email workflows

Conductor

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Building

Components

Operations Reference

Plugins

Starter Kit

Playbooks

Reference

​Basic Usage

​Configuration

​Email Providers

​Cloudflare Email (Recommended)

​Resend

​SMTP

​Email Templates

​Inline HTML

​Template Variables

​Liquid Templates (Advanced)

​Email Attachments

​Single Attachment

​Multiple Attachments

​Attachment from Storage

​Batch Sending

​CC and BCC

​Reply-To

​Custom Headers

​Tags and Metadata

​Common Patterns

​Transactional Email

​Welcome Email Workflow

​Password Reset Email

​Email with PDF Invoice

​Data Export Email

​Newsletter Campaign

​Error Handling

​Retry on Failure

​Fallback Provider

​Validate Email Address

​Testing

​Test with TestConductor

​Mock Email Provider

​Best Practices

​Pitfall: HTML Without Plain Text

​Pitfall: No Error Handling

​Pitfall: Batch Without Rate Limiting

​Next Steps

sms Operation

pdf Operation

storage Operation

Testing

Basic Usage

Configuration

Email Providers

Cloudflare Email (Recommended)

Resend

SMTP

Email Templates

Inline HTML

Template Variables

Liquid Templates (Advanced)

Email Attachments

Single Attachment

Multiple Attachments

Attachment from Storage

Batch Sending

CC and BCC

Reply-To

Custom Headers

Tags and Metadata

Common Patterns

Transactional Email

Welcome Email Workflow

Password Reset Email

Email with PDF Invoice

Data Export Email

Newsletter Campaign

Error Handling

Retry on Failure

Fallback Provider

Validate Email Address

Testing

Test with TestConductor

Mock Email Provider

Best Practices

Pitfall: HTML Without Plain Text

Pitfall: No Error Handling

Pitfall: Batch Without Rate Limiting

Next Steps